These amino acids are organized in a repeated sequence. Furthermore, the most abundant sequence of amino acids in the triple helix structure is proline (22%), glycine (33%), alanine (11%), hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine. The three chains are connected with each other through hydrogen and covalent bonds, which gives collagen its distinguished level of strength. Collagen comprises almost all the 20 amino acids.
Each strand has a molecular weight around 105 KDa and is 300 nm long. It is made of three strands and is considered a large protein that has a molecular weight around 350 KDa. Collagen is the main constituent of connective tissues, bones, cartilages, tendons, skin, and scales. Gelatin is derived from the parent protein, collagen, which is a ubiquitous fibrous protein found extensively in the tissues of mammalian species. Additionally, expansion into cosmetic applications and drug delivery is needed. However, extensive research is still needed to characterize gelatin hydrolysates, elucidate the Structure Activity Relationship (SAR), and formulate them into dosage forms. It can be easily modified to enhance its mechanical properties. It has unique rheological properties, making it more suitable for certain applications than mammalian gelatins.
The main outcomes are that fish gelatin is immunologically safe, protects from the possibility of transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and foot and mouth diseases, has an economic and environmental benefits, and may be suitable for those that practice religious-based food restrictions, i.e., people of Muslim, Jewish and Hindu faiths. It also covers its pharmaceutical applications including manufacturing of capsules, coating of microparticles/oils, coating of tablets, stabilization of emulsions and drug delivery (microspheres, nanospheres, scaffolds, microneedles, and hydrogels). It covers cosmetic applications, intrinsic activities, and biomedical applications in wound dressing and wound healing, gene therapy, tissue engineering, implants, and bone substitutes. This review is comprehensive, specific to fish gelatin/hydrolysate and cites recent research.
Its packaging application in food industry is extensively covered but other applications are not covered or covered alongside with those of collagen. There are several reviews that separately cover different aspects of fish gelatin including its preparation, characteristics, modifications, and applications.
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